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In terms of all-cause mortality (ACM), it doesn’t matter how you die.
It is measured in clinical trials and used as an indicator of the safety or hazard of an intervention.
Smoking has an Acm of 40%, which means that at any given time there is a 40% higher risk of dying compared to a non-smoker.
High blood pressure increases all-cause mortality by about 20 to 25%.
Take something really extreme like end-stage renal disease, patients who are on dialysis waiting for an organ.
That’s a huge increase in ACM of about 175%.
So the hazard ratio is 2.75.
So what are the things that improve this?
Here we are comparing low values to high values.
So if you compare low muscle mass to high muscle mass, what is the improvement?
It’s pretty significant, about three times higher.
So if you compare people with low muscle mass to people with high muscle mass, the people with low muscle mass have about a threefold hazard ratio or a 200% increase in all-cause mortality with age.
When you look more closely at the data, you find that this is probably less due to muscle mass and…